Adsorptive Elimination of Methyl Orange Dye over the Activated Carbon Derived from Bitter Almond Shells. An Isothermal, Thermodynamic, and Kinetic Study

Abstract: Bitter almond shells (BAS) were inspected as a low-cost precursor in producing activated carbon (AC) through the optimized ZnCl2 activation route. The raw BAS impregnated with at multiple ratios (1:1 - 3:1 ZnCl2:BAS), followed by carbonization various temperatures (400 – 800 °C) for different durations (30 120 minutes) tubular reactor. typical AC sample was prepared using 1:1 ZnCl2:BAS impregnation ratio and 500 °C 60 minutes. yield under those conditions 23.46%. BET surface area (SABET), Boehm titration method, point of zero charge (pHPZC), Field Emission-Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infra-Red spectroscopy (FTIR), Energy Dispersive (EDX) optimal determined. identification outcomes disclosed that this is mesoporous SABET, iodine number, total pore volume, average width 1221.60 m2/g, 1444.23 mg/g,1.50 cm3/g, 4.98 nm, respectively. adsorptive removal methyl orange (MO) dye from its aqueous phase accomplished solution pH (2–10), amounts (0.05-0.4 g), initial concentrations (50–400 mg/L), variable temperature (10-50 varied contact time (0–420 min) batch- mode operation. maximum monolayer adsorption capacity 224.71 mg/g obtained 323 K, pH= 2.0, concentration 400 mg/L, 0.25 g dose, 420 minutes time. kinetic best fitted to pseudo-2nd -order kinetics model, while MO equilibrium obeyed Langmuir model rather than other models. Thermodynamic studies BAS-derived spontaneous endothermic. mechanism declared mostly involved electrostatic attractions hydrogen bonding interaction. This work demonstrates an advantageous material effectual substantive area.